Buyuk so‘z san’atkorlari badiiy asarlarining mazmunan rangbarang bo‘lishi uchun turli poetik san’atlardan unumli va mohirona foyda- langanlar. Bu esa asarning badiiy jihatdan tiniq, uslubiy ravon va shaklan jozibador bo‘lishida olib kelgan.
Ushbu maqola Namangan adabiy muhiti vakili, Naqshbandiya tariqati namayondalaridan biri Abdulaziz Majzub Namangoniy ijodida badiiy san’atlarning o‘rni haqida yozilgan. Ijodkor asarlarida badiiy san’atlarning ikki turi: lafziy va ma’naviy san’atlardan foydalanganligi, ularga chiroyli dalillar berilganligi haqida.
Ma’naviy san’atlar baytdagi ayrim so‘z yoki butun baytning ma’nosi bilan aloqador badiiy vositalar bo‘lib, ularning miqdori, Atoulloh Husayniyning "Badoyi’u-s-sanoyi’" asarida keltirilishicha, ellikdan ortiq. Mubolag‘a, tashbih, tamsil, husni ta’lil, tajohuli orifona, tashxis, talmih, laff va nashr, ruju’, istiora, kinoya, irsoli masal, tazod, tanosub va boshqalar ma’naviy san’atlarning eng mashhurlaridir.
Lafziy san’atlar bayt yoki undagi ayrim so‘zlarning shakli - talaffuz va yozilishiga asoslangan bo‘lib, «Badoyi’u-s-sanoyi’»da tarsi’, tajnis, ishtiqoq, raddul ajz, radd ul-matla’, tardu aks, takrir, mukarrar, kitobat, talmi’, tarix kabi ellikdan ortiq lafziy san’at namunalari keltirilgan.
Активное участие монгольских женщин в таких различных сферах общества, как политика, экономика, религия, можно наблюдать во всех регионах империи с конца двенадцатого до четырнадцатого веков. В большинстве этих областей важность женщин для общества проявлялась в качестве регента. Так, на пике монгольского правления и его экспансии Чагатайским улусом управляла женщина по имени Оргина Хатун (годы управления 1251-1260 г.г.). Поэтому анализ подъема этой женщины к управлению власти в тринадцатом веке и ее значимости в истории ханства является основной целью этого исследования, которое завершается взглядами, основанными на письменных источниках, публикациях и исследованиях об Оргине. История улуса после смерти Чагатая характеризовалась беспорядками и конфликтами между различными членами королевской семьи. Борьба за престол стала сказываться на судьбе улуса с самого начала. В такой сложной ситуации Оргина встала во главе улуса в политическом правлении. Согласно источникам, между основателем улуса и Оргиной существовала очень тесная связь. Она родилась в Монголии, переехала в Среднюю Азию после заключения брака с Кара-Хулагу (ум. 1252 г.) – внуком Чагатая от его сына Митугена. Интерес Чагатая к этому браку была очевидной из-за ее важного происхождения. Его целью являлось расширение масштабов союза между племенами ойратов и чингизидов. О периоде правления Оргины недостаточно информации, происходившие в истории нации политические события стали упоминаться в источниках, относящихся второй половине тринадцатого века. Например, привлекает внимания религиозная принадлежность Оргины. В некоторых источниках существуют предположения, что она приняла Ислам, некоторые же исследователи отрицают этот факт. Однако в зарегтрированных в период ее правления документах не фиксированы религиозная напряженность или противоречия. В тринадцатом веке правление Оргины Хатун в Мавераннахре было подкреплено высоким статусом ее брака с внуком самого Чингизхана и ее отношениями с императорской семьей. Эти обстоятельства, конечно же, благоприятствовали ее восхождению на престол, однако ее роль главы государства, обязанности и легитимность следует рассматривать в свете древних традиций средниазиатских женщин.
Денежное обращение древнего и античного периодов в Средней Азии – тема широко обсуждаемая специалистами, археологами, нумизматами и искусствоведами, как отечественными, таки зарубежными. Первая характеристика древних монет Средней Азии, найденных в 1917-1927 гг., осуществлена М.Е. Массоном в 1928 г.[14]
According to the World Health Organization, in recent years there has been an increase in the incidence of acute respiratory viral infection. In this regard, the attention of pediatricians and otolaryngologists is attracted by acute stenosing -laryngotracheitis (ASLT). According to the data of many years of research, the number of patients with ASLT ranges from 0.1 to 0.4% of all children hospitalized with a diagnosis of acute respiratory viral infection. The development of stenosing laryngotracheitis in acute respiratory viral infection (AR.VI) dramatically aggravates the condition of sick children, and sometimes the life of a child depends on its attachment to the underlying disease.
Since the first days of independence , large-scale reforms have been consistently implemented in our country in order to improve the quality of medical care for the population . Thus, effective medical care for children ensured timely detection, early diagnosis and treatment of patients with ASLT, which made it possible to reduce the duration of their treatment in the hospital by 3-4 days.
Despite numerous scientific studies devoted to the study of the patterns of the infectious process in stenosing laryngotracheitis, the role of dysbiocenosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, the process of endogenous intoxication (El), which develops as a result of illness in children and its relationship with the course of the disease, as well as the state of the system of local and general immunity dictate the need to improve the methods of their correction in the light of modern requirements. At the same time, the causes of recurrence of acute stenosing laryngotracheitis have not been fully determined; an important task is to develop prognostic criteria for assessing the outcomes of OSLT.
Given the dissertation research to a certain extent serves to solve the problems provided for in the resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-2133 dated February 19, 2014 “On the State Program" The Year of a Healthy Child ’’and No. PP-2221 dated August 1, 2014 “On the State Program for Further Strengthening reproductive health of the population, protection of the health of mothers, children and adolescents in Uzbekistan for the period 2014-2018”, as well as in other legal documents adopted in this area.
Scientific research aimed at improving the methods of complex diagnostics, treatment and prevention of stenosing laryngotracheitis in children was carried out in many leading medical centers, such as the Schneider Children's Medical Center (Israel), Giessen University Hospital (Germany), St. Mary's Children's Clinic (Germany), Center of Innovative Medicine Interbalkan (Greece), Generale Clinic (Switzerland), Royal Clinic (Great Britain), Queens Medical Center (Great Britain), IDIBAPS Clinic (Spain), St. Luke's Hospital (Japan), Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of Otorhinolaryngology FMBA of Russia (Russia) , as well as the Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute and the Republican Specialized Scientific and Practical Medical Center for Pediatrics (Uzbekistan).
As a result of the studies, criteria for assessing the risk of occurrence and recurrent course of OSLT were developed, the mechanisms that determine the sensitivity of the respiratory tract were identified (Freiburg Clinic, Germany); established endocrine dysfunction in children with primary and recurrent acute stenosing laryngotracheitis (Children's Hospital, Ireland); the influence of the composition of the microflora of the main loci of the body, connective tissue dysplasia, regulatory systems on the function of external respiration, the formation of threshold sensitivity and reactivity of the respiratory tract in children with recurrent stenosing laryngotracheitis (RSLT) was proved (Melbourne University, Australia).
At present, the goal of many studies in the world is to further determine at the immunomolecular level the role of specific and non-specific factors of immune protection in the pathogenesis of acute stenosing laryngotracheitis; assessment of the state of non-specific protection during OSLT; study of significant changes in the cellular link of immunity, changes in T-suppressors and partially B-lymphocytes; as well as the prevention of relapses and the improvement of methods for diagnosing and treating the disease.
As the analysis of special literature showed, a number of researchers studied the role of the allergic component and the autonomic nervous system in the pathogenesis of the development of primary and recurrent OSLT. According to the results obtained, more than 90% of sick children in the pathogenesis of primary and recurrent acute stenosing laryngotracheitis is dominated by allergic component with the identification of common and allergen-specific IgE . In addition, it has been proven that the development of OSLT in parainfluenza infection is associated with a significant increase in IgE titer and specific IgA in nasopharyngeal secretions in children with ARVI. The mechanisms of OSLT recurrence based on a significant change in the immunological reactivity of the body, which are associated with its allergization by both infectious and non-infectious agents, including adverse environmental, seasonal, meteorological and even social conditions, have been studied. It has been proven that OSLT proceeds with vegetative disorders, which, in turn, have a significant impact on the course and outcome of the underlying disease. An improved treatment of OSLT at the height of the disease is proposed, based on the use of drags, taking into account the type of initial vegetative tone of the body.
Despite numerous works devoted to the study of acute stenosing laryngotracheitis, its diagnosis and methods of treatment, the trend towards an increase in the recurrence of the disease persists, which dictates the need to study the general patterns of the infectious process in stenosing laryngotracheitis, assess the significance of the microbiocenosis of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, disorders of the immune and interferon statuses and development of ways to correct them, predict the disease on the basis of a prognostic map, as well as improve the effectiveness of treatment and preventive measures.
В этой статье изучается история арабских завоеваний в английской историографии XX–XXI веков. Проанализированы работы крупных английских востоковедов.
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Khorezm's Muhammad Rahimkhan Feruz created a unique literary atmosphere around his palace. Poets and writers who are Tabibi, Mutrib, Bayani, Avaz Otar, and Chokar worked during this period. The works of the poets are in Persian-Tajik and Turkish languages and have their own traditions. The interest in science significantly grew in Khiva. According to the khan's decree, qualified secretaries set up devons, mukhammases, bayozs, tazkirs, and complexes. At present, such works are kept in the manuscript fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and in the Ichankala Museum in Khiva. The collection "Majmuai mukhammasoti ash-shuaroi Feruzshahiy" is a large source of lyrical works of Khorezm literary environment. The complex was built in the second half of the XIX century and was built by Tabibi by royal decree. It contains samples of poems by contemporary artists. This source, which provides valuable information about the literary environment of its time, is now stored in the main fund of the Institute of Oriental Studies named after Abu Rayhon Beruni of the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan under inventory number 1134. The complex differs from other collections in that it consists of poems of the mukhammas genre. Muhammad Hasan Devon Haji Tabib o‗g‗li Mutrib Khonaharab is one of the poets whose works are included in the creative heritage of the poets. The article analyzes the mukhammases of Mutrib Khonaharab, which are connected with the ghazals of the master poets Ogahi and Feruz. The artistic features of Mutrib‘s mukhammases, which are not found in manuscripts, have been studied. It is based on primary sources that the poet‘s ghazal retains aspects such as weight and content, and introduces innovations, focusing on the gradual development of the content. The mukhammas and musaddas included in the collection were studied from the point of view of textual and source studies, comparing them with the poems copied to the manuscript.
В евразийских широтах население Хорезмского оазиса известно как старейшие оседлые земледельцы. Они привыкли к естественным условиям местности, в которой они живут, и в результате многовекового опыта установили «взаимодействие» между природой и человеком, то есть, говоря современным языком, без нанесения максимального вреда окружающей среде, использовали землю, не причиняя вреда окружающей среде. Сегодня экологические проблемы действительно актуальны во всем мире, необходимо изучить древние сельскохозяйственные угодья, чтобы научиться разумно использовать природные ресурсы, в первую очередь землю, и перенять имеющийся опыт в этой сфере. Поэтому, в то время как история сельского хозяйства изучается в ведущих мировых научных школах, таких как США, Европа, Россия, Китай, Япония, в частности в области антропологических исследований в социальных и гуманитарных науках, особое внимание уделяется Хорезмский оазис. Несмотря на то, что он расположен между крупнейшими пустынями Евразии − Кызылкумами и Каракумами, а с другой стороны, несмотря на жаркий, суровый и изменчивый климат северных степей, население оазиса борется с природой и земледелием. Историки, географы, экологи и ряд других исследователей заинтересованы в их высоком уровне знаний. В статье исследуются порядок землепользования, отношения собственности на землю и их типы в Хорезмском оазисе в период Хивинского ханства на основе принципов объективности и историчности, а также хронологического, систематического, сравнительного анализа, анализа архивных материалов.
Adabiyot tarixi jahon xalqlari tarixi bilan bevosita aloqador bo‘lib, uning taqdiri insoniyat kamoloti va tanazzuli bilan parallel kechadi. Shunga muvofiq dunyo adabiyotining mavzular galereyasi ham xilma-xil, ular ning orasida esa jangnoma yoki shohnoma mavzusi alohida ajralib turadi. Bu mavzuning moyasi mashhur sarkarda, podshoh yoki pahlavonlar hayoti-faoliyati bo‘lib, ulardan ba’zilari dunyo adabiyotida an’ana yoki turkum asarlar yuzaga kelishiga sabab bo’lgan. Butun dunyoda adabiy shon-sharaf qozongan ana shunday qahramonlardan biri Iskandar (Sharqda Iskandar, G‘arbda esa Alexander The Great deb ataluvchi shaxs) bo‘lib, Sharq va G‘arb adabiyotiga birdek ta’sir ko‘rsatgan bunday siymoni qayta uchratish mushkul. Uning nomi tillarda doston bo’ldi va amalga oshirgan ishlari ijodkorlarni ilhomlantirdi. Xususan, Iskandar mavzusi Sharqda keng yoyilib, ko’plab iskandarnomalar yuzaga kelishiga sabab bo’ldi. Ushbu maqolada xamsanavislik an’anasi doirasida yaratilgan ana shunday dostonlar Nizomiy Ganjaviyning “Iskandarnoma” va Alisher Navoiyning “Saddi Iskandariy” dostonlari qiyosiy tahlil etish maqsad qilingan. Har ikki adibning ijodiy originalligi “Iskandarning Chinga yurishi epi- zodi” tasviri misolida ochib berilgan. Muallif bunda ishonchli manbalarga tayangan va o’z maqsadiga erishish uchun qiyosiy-tarixiy, madaniy-tarixiy, genetik tahlil kabi usullardan foydalangan.